![]() ![]() SUGGESTED RESOURCES RELATED TO JEREMIAH 30-33. Supplement you reading with the following conservative sources use a literal approach in interpretation of the Scriptures. Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more. Iran–Iraq War - Wikipedia. Iran–Iraq War. Part of the Persian Gulf Conflicts. Participation of child soldiers on Iranian front (top left); Bodies of Iranian civilians killed in the Iraqi invasion (top right); Port quarter view of USS Stark listing to port after being mistakenly struck by an Iraqi warplane (middle left); Pro- Iraq PMOI forces killed in Operation Mersad (middle right); Iraqi prisoners of war after the re- capture of Khorramshahr by Iranians (below left); ZU- 2. Iranian Army (below right). Belligerents Iran. KDPPUKISCIIraq. PMOIKDPI. The Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq and Islamic Dawa Party supported Iran during the war. Iran would sometimes organise divisions of Iraqi POWs to fight against Iraq. The Iran–Iraq War was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq lasting from 2.
Archives and past articles from the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Philly.com. ![]() September 1. 98. 0, when Iraq invaded Iran, to August 1. The war followed a long history of border disputes, and was motivated by fears that the Iranian Revolution in 1. Iraq's long- suppressed Shi'ite majority, as well as Iraq's desire to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state. Although Iraq hoped to take advantage of Iran's revolutionary chaos and attacked without formal warning, it made only limited progress into Iran and was quickly repelled; Iran regained virtually all lost territory by June 1. For the next six years, Iran was on the offensive. The world powers United States and the Soviet Union, together with many Western and Arab countries, provided support for Iraq, while Iran was largely isolated. After eight years of war, war- weariness, lack of international sympathy as Iraq was targeting Iranian civilians with weapons of mass destruction, and increasing tension between Iran and United States eventually led to a UN- brokered ceasefire. Half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers, with an equivalent number of civilians, are believed to have died, with many more injured; however, the war brought neither reparations nor changes in borders. A number of proxy forces participated in the war, most notably the Iranian People's Mujahedin of Iran siding with Ba'athist Iraq and Iraqi Kurdish militias of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan siding with Iran—all suffering a major blow by the end of the conflict. Terminology. The Iraq–Kuwait conflict, which was originally known as the Second Persian Gulf War, eventually became known simply as the Gulf War. ![]() The Iraq War from 2. Second Persian Gulf War. In Iran, the war is known as the Imposed War (. State media in Iraq dubbed the war Saddam's Qadisiyyah (. In the same year, Iran and Iraq both joined the Treaty of Saadabad, and relations between the two states remained good for decades afterwards. This gave Iraq control of most of the waterway and required Iran to pay tolls whenever its ships used it. On 1. 8 December 1. Iraq's new leader, General Abd al- Karim Qasim, declared: . The Ottomans handed over Mohammareh, which was part of Iraqi territory, to Iran. Iraq began supporting secessionist movements in Khuzestan, and raised the issue of its territorial claims at an Arab League meeting, though unsuccessfully. At the same time, by the late 1. Iranian power under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had gone on a military spending spree, led Iran to take a more assertive stance in the region. From March 1. 97. March 1. 97. 5, Iran and Iraq fought border wars over Iran's support of Iraqi Kurds. As a result, Iraq decided against continuing the war, choosing instead to make concessions to Tehran to end the Kurdish rebellion. When informed of this plot, Saddam ordered the execution of dozens of his army's officers and in a sign of reconciliation, expelled Ruhollah Khomeini, an exiled leader of clerical opposition to the Shah, from Iraq. Despite this, Saddam merely considered the Algiers Agreement to be a truce, rather than a definite settlement, and waited for an opportunity to contest it. Despite Iraq's goals of regaining the Shatt al- Arab. By 1. 98. 0, Iraq possessed 2. With Iran engulfed in chaos, an opportunity for Iraq to annex the oil- rich Khuzestan Province materialized. Certain Iranian exiles also helped convince Saddam that if he invaded, the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse. Iran lacked both cohesive leadership and spare parts for their American- made equipment. The Iraqis could mobilise up to 1. Through the 1. 97. Saddam had armed his forces with the latest military hardware from the Soviet Union. Iraq correctly deduced that Iran's defences at the crossing points around the Karkheh and Karoun Rivers were undermanned and that the rivers could be easily crossed. Iraqi intelligence was also informed that the Iranian forces in Khuzestan (which consisted of two divisions prior to the revolution) now only consisted of several ill- equipped and under- strength battalions. Only a handful of company- sized tank units remained operational. Despite the purge of several key pilots and commanders, as well as the lack of spare parts, the air force showed its power during local uprisings and rebellions. They were also active after the failed US attempt to rescue its hostages, Operation Eagle Claw. As such, Iraq's leaders decided to carry out a surprise airstrike against the Iranian air force's infrastructure prior to the main invasion. Between February and September 1. Iran's government executed 8. The desertion rate had reached 6. The most highly skilled soldiers and aviators were exiled, imprisoned, or executed. Throughout the war, Iran never managed to fully recover from this flight of human capital. When the invasion occurred, many pilots and officers were released from prison, or had their executions commuted to combat the Iraqis. In addition, many junior officers were promoted to generals, resulting in the army being more integrated as a part of the regime by the war's end, as it is today. Despite having been trained as a paramilitary organisation, after the Iraqi invasion, they were forced to act as a regular army. Initially, they refused to fight alongside the army, which resulted in many defeats, but, by 1. They often acted in conjunction with the Revolutionary Guard, launching so- called human wave attacks and other campaigns against the Iraqis. Iraq began to grow bolder, both shelling and launching border incursions in disputed territories. By 1. 0 September, Saddam declared that the Iraqi Army had . Weakened by internal chaos, Iran was unable to repel the attacks; which in turn led to Iraq becoming more confident in its military edge over Iran and prompting them to believe in a quick victory. The invasion's first waves were a series of air strikes targeted at Iranian airfields. Iraq also attempted to bomb Tehran, Iran's capital and command centre, into submission. The Iraqi Air Force launched surprise air strikes on ten Iranian airfields with the objective of destroying the Iranian Air Force. Groups of F- 4 Phantom and F- 5 Tiger fighter jets attacked targets throughout Iraq, such as oil facilities, dams, petrochemical plants, and oil refineries, and included Mosul Airbase, Baghdad, and the Kirkuk oil refinery. Iraq was taken by surprise at the strength of the retaliation, as Iran took few losses while the Iraqis took heavy defeats and economic disruption. Iranian Army Aviation's AH- 1 Cobra helicopter gunships began attacks on the advancing Iraqi divisions, along with F- 4 Phantoms armed with Maverick missiles. They were slowed by Iranian air attacks and Revolutionary Guard troops with recoilless rifles, rocket- propelled grenades, and Molotov cocktails. The next day, the Iraqis launched infantry and armoured attacks into the city. After heavy house- to- house fighting, the Iraqis were repelled. On 1. 4 October, the Iraqis launched a second offensive. The Iranians launched a controlled withdrawal from the city, street by street. Some partisans remained, and fighting continued until 1. November. Iraqi advance stalls. An estimated 2. 00,0. November, many of them ideologically committed volunteers. However, the Iraqi offensive had been badly damaged by Iranian militias and air power. Iran's air force had destroyed Iraq's army supply depots and fuel supplies, and was strangling the country through an aerial siege. On 2. 8 November, Iran launched Operation Morvarid (Pearl), a combined air and sea attack which destroyed 8. Iraq's navy and all of its radar sites in the southern portion of the country. When Iraq laid siege to Abadan and dug its troops in around the city, it was unable to blockade the port, which allowed Iran to resupply Abadan by sea. Of the regular divisions, only seven were deployed to the border. The war bogged down into World War I- style trench warfare with tanks and modern late- 2. Due to the power of anti- tank weapons such as the RPG- 7, armored manoeuvre by the Iraqis was very costly, and they consequently entrenched their tanks into static positions. Reporters counted roughly 1. Iranian tanks, and also 4. Iraqi tanks. Once he was impeached and the competition ended, the performance of the Iranian military improved. Iran was further distracted by internal fighting between the regime and the Islamic Marxist. Mujaheddin e- Khalq (MEK) on the streets of Iran's major cities in June 1. September. Less emphasis was placed on the Army with its conventional tactics, and more emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary Guard with its unconventional tactics. However, on 3 April 1. Iranian air force used eight F- 4 Phantom fighter bombers, four F- 1. Tomcats, three Boeing 7. Boeing 7. 47 command plane to launch a surprise attack on H3, destroying 2. Iraqi fighter jets and bombers. In addition, they gave up trying to hold total control of Iranian airspace. Due to the heavy toll of sanctions and pre- war purges, the Iranian Air Force could not suffer further attrition, and made the decision in order to limit their losses. They were also damaged by a fresh purge, after the impeachment crisis of President Banisadr. While throughout 1.
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